Historic buildings are an essential part of our cultural heritage – they tell the story of our past and provide a sense of continuity and connection to our ancestors. However, preserving these buildings is not an easy task, especially when it comes to measuring and gathering data on them accurately. That's where Historic Building Surveys come in.
A historic building survey is the process of recording the physical dimensions and characteristics of a building, to create accurate 2D or 3D digital models of a building which can be used for a variety of purposes, such as renovation, restoration and conservation.
Measured surveys are critical to historic surveying because they provide architects, engineers and conservation experts with highly detailed information about the structure and condition of the building so that they can develop plans for restoration works or renovations with accurate data as the foundation of their work.
Benefits of measured building surveys for historic buildings
Measured drone surveys provide accurate documentation of the building’s layout and design, as well as a comprehensive record of its development over time. It’s crucial to restoration processes, and any conservation work that needs to take place to keep historic buildings safe and stable for the long-term.
One of the primary benefits of measured surveys for historic buildings is the ability to conduct structural analysis of a building. From the physical characteristics to areas that need structural reinforcement or repair, a survey provides up to date, accurate data. They can be used to inform planning and design decisions which are respectful of the building’s heritage, original features and materials.
Measured surveys are a cost-effective way to document and analyse historic buildings, and because they’re non-invasive, they can be carried out quickly and efficiently so they’re perfect for culturally significant buildings and structures. From the exact replication of mouldings and cornices to the positioning of fireplaces and similar features, a detailed survey allows professionals working with a building to have a detailed overview of what the historic building in question looks like.
What does the process of a historic building survey involve?
The process for a historic building survey depends on the level required for the recording, but broadly speaking it will involve a photographic and/or drawn record of the building in question, informed by relevant sources of historical information and archaeological data. The level of the recording is typically specified by a local Archaeological Officer and/or a Heritage or Conservation Officer, in line with the Historic England Guidelines. These outline four levels of recording ranging from a basic photographic record at Level 1; a summary written and photographic record for Level 2; an analytical written, drawn and photographic record at Level 3; and finally a detailed analytical report with photographic and drawn evidence for Level 4.
A historic drone survey involves a range of techniques and tools carried out by a skilled heritage surveyor to capture data about the building. These may include laser scanning, photogrammetry and heritage drone surveys. The data is then processed and used to create accurate digital models of the building.
3D laser scanning is a non-invasive surveying technique that captures detailed data about the physical dimensions and characteristics of a heritage building. Using a laser scanner enables surveyors to capture millions of individual measurements of the building's surface, which are then combined to create a 3D digital model of the building.
In the case of heritage buildings, 3D laser scanning is particularly useful because it allows for the creation of accurate and detailed digital models that can be used for a variety of purposes without risking damage to the building. 3D laser scanning provides a level of detail that is not possible with traditional surveying methods, such as measuring tapes and levels. The data collected can also be used to create detailed records of the building's history and development over time, and to identify any areas of the building that require restoration or conservation.
Another benefit of 3D laser scanning for heritage buildings is that it allows for virtual tours and interactive experiences that enable visitors to explore the building in detail. By creating accurate 3D digital models, it is possible to create immersive virtual tours that allow visitors to explore the building from different angles and perspectives, and to learn about its history and significance.
Photogrammetry is another non-invasive surveying technique that is commonly used for heritage buildings. It involves capturing multiple high-resolution photographs of the building from different angles and using specialised software to create accurate and detailed 3D models of the building.
Photogrammetry is particularly useful for heritage buildings because it allows for the creation of detailed and accurate 3D models that can be used for documentation or to create detailed plans for restoration. It is also a relatively low-cost and non-invasive method, making it ideal for use in historic and culturally significant buildings.
Measured building surveys can be used to produce floor plans, with accurate measurements taken and plotted into AutoCAD, as well as to show elevations in a building from basic ‘rights of light’ elevations to more complex and detailed alternatives. Using laser scanners, a drone survey will deliver accurate positioning across the façade so you have complete visibility of the different elevations in the building. A measured survey can also detail the different sections of the building, which can either be detailed in conjunction with elevations and floor plan layouts or as a separate entity.
How are heritage drone surveys delivered?
Measured drone surveys can be delivered in several ways. One of the most popular in this sector is Building Information Modelling (BIM) which is a digital process that involves creating a 3D, 4D or 5D model of a building that contains detailed information about its physical and functional characteristics.
In relation to heritage properties, BIM can be used to create detailed digital models of historic buildings that capture their unique features, materials and construction techniques used. By creating a digital model of the building, architects, conservation specialists and historians can analyse and understand the building's structural and historical significance, and plan conservation and restoration projects accordingly.
In addition, BIM can be used to create virtual tours and interactive experiences that enable visitors to explore the building in detail. By creating a digital model of the building, owners and managers can create immersive virtual tours that allow visitors to explore the building from different angles and perspectives, and learn about its history and significance. Historic BIM is a multi-disciplinary process which requires collaboration from various professionals, and the data gathered makes it easier to manage the life cycle of the building more effectively.
But drone survey data can also be delivered in the form of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and files are used to edit BIM software, enabling communication and productivity between teams and businesses throughout a project. Point Cloud is another way of delivering measured building surveys, gathering information via laser scanners which delivers quick but accurate results.
Final thoughts
Historic Building Surveys are an essential tool for the preservation and conservation of historic buildings. By providing accurate data on the building's structure, features and condition, heritage and conservation experts can plan restoration work that respects the building's historical significance while ensuring its longevity. This type of survey also plays a vital role in documenting and cataloguing historic buildings, ensuring that their heritage is preserved for future generations to appreciate and enjoy.